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In 1844, the Oregon Territory government passed a law banning slavery and requiring all African Americans in Oregon to leave the state. In addition to showcasing memorabilia, the Oregon Historical Society challenges conventional thinking around Oregon’s past with its research facility, library of Oregon history and innovative exhibitions.Īs settlers displaced the Indigenous tribes and redefined the riverside landscapes, the founders of the Oregon Territory began to shape it as a “white utopia.” Founded on principles of white supremacy, Oregon has a longstanding racist past from the land grants enticing white settlers and their families to follow the Oregon Trail from the Midwest, to constitutional laws forbidding Black Americans from residing and owning property in or even traveling through the state. You can see the “Portland Penny” that decided the city’s fate at the Oregon Historical Society in downtown Portland. The city was officially founded in 1843 and its name was famously determined by an 1845 coin toss between business partners Asa Lovejoy (of Boston, Mass.) and Francis Pettygrove (of Portland, Maine). From Stumptown to Portlandįrequented by traders and settlers in the 1830s and 1840s, the future city of Portland became known as “Stumptown” as the thick forest of fir, cedar, hemlock and maple trees was cleared for growing settlements.
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Between 18 as many as 500,000 travelers traveled the Oregon Trail, some staying in Oregon, while others ventured south to California or north to Washington. The trail ended south of Portland, where today you can find and explore the End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center.
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White colonizers began to establish settlements along the Willamette River between what we now know as Oregon City and Fort Vancouver as more people traversed the 2,170-mile (3,490 km) Oregon Trail to seek better opportunities after the economic downtown of the 1830s. The camp was helmed by John McLoughlin, whose historic home in Oregon City is now part of the national park system, as is a complete replica of the fur-trading camp in Vancouver, Washington. In 1825, the British Hudson’s Bay Company established a fur-trading camp at Fort Vancouver, across the Columbia River from modern-day Portland. Shortly after Lewis and Clark led their historic expedition along the Columbia River, New Yorker John Jacob Astor founded the Pacific Fur Trading Company in 1810 and set an expedition to establish Fort Astoria in what is now Astoria, Oregon. The global interest in the North American fur trade preceded the arrival of the Pilgrims, and European traders relied heavily upon native people to “provide furs and hides as well as food, equipment, interpreters, guides, and protection.” By the early 19th century, fur trading had made its way to what is now Oregon. Meet Loretta Guzman, owner of Bison Coffeehouse in Northeast Portland, the city’s only Native-owned coffee shop. Many artifacts of Northwest tribes are on display at Portland Art Museum’s Center for Native American Art, and the region is home to numerous Native makers, artists, businesses and cultural sites. It is a testament to the resiliency of Indigenous peoples that Portland’s urban Native community now includes nearly 70,000 people from nearly 400 tribes.
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The Indian Removal Act of 1830 and Oregon Donation Land Act of 1850 forcibly removed these tribes and offered free land to white settlers, who quickly laid claim to 2.5 million acres of tribal land, including all of what is now Portland. These groups created communities and summer encampments along the Columbia and Willamette rivers and harvested and used the plentiful natural resources of the area for thousands of years. The Portland metro area rests on traditional village sites of the Multnomah, Wasco, Cowlitz, Kathlamet, Clackamas, Bands of Chinook, Tualatin Kalapuya, Molalla and many other tribes. Oregon’s population was largely Native American until relatively recently. To understand the history of Portland, Oregon, it is critical to look back to the original inhabitants of this region.